American Art

American Impressionism in a Pandemic

Last week, I noticed a familiar name among the lists of COVID-19 dead—William Gerdts, a scholar who, literally, wrote the book on American Impressionism. I had to study his expansive and intimidating text American Impressionism for my Ph.D. qualifying exams. Instead of letting it blend into the rest of the the subjects and specialties that I had to learn, I focused in on his text, figuring that it was my duty, as a scholar of French Impressionism, to understand the American styles that came around as a result of what happened in France. This decision certainly made life harder for me at the time, but it helped me to understand more about these American paintings that I found so inscrutable in comparison to the French paintings that I loved so much.

The funny thing is that I had already been thinking about American Impressionism when I read that Gerdts had died. An art museum had posted a Childe Hassam painting of a landscape with flowers on social media - The Water Garden (1909). As I scrolled through my feeds, I lingered on it for a minute longer that I usually would.

With bright white flowers arranged in a soothing curve, surrounded by the lush green of the vibrant, healthy grass, the composition seems so stable, the brushstrokes so carefully managed. The caption the museum’s social media staff provides encourages immersion in the landscape. The framing of this patch of garden cuts out the distraction of the blue sky, and the flowers cover the path. You are left to feel as if you stand in the middle of the flowers, and only flowers lay in front and behind.

There is tranquility here, a calmness that is often absent in the famously frenetic brushwork of the French Impressionists. Indeed, American Impressionism evolved much later and never quite reached the extreme dissolution of form achieved by French painters like Monet. While the first Impressionist Exhibition was held in Paris in 1874, many American critics dismissed the style entirely until the mid-1880s, when exhibitions with works by Manet, Degas, and Monet began to arrive in New York City.

I have long perceived the stable compositions of American Impressionism as stiffness, perhaps even a failure of imagination. The fact that the most effective American Impressionists painted gardens at comfortable vacation homes and depicted beautiful women in upper middle-class dress (without the irony or social trickery of their French counterparts) suggested to me that they lacked the interest in and capacity to depict the gritty spectacle of urban living in the same way that their French counterparts would. When Hassam, for example, depicts Fifth Avenue in New York City, he paints from a bird’s-eye view, emphasizing the abstract patterns of traffic, movement, and light rather than the experience at street-level.

American critics initially resisted attempts by American artists at Impressionism. They claimed that the style still seemed too foreign, the manner of painting too affected, against a tradition of national painting that had fought for years to establish its quintessentially American identity. Hassam and his contemporaries continued on, eventually finding success and begetting a second generation of American Impressionists that pushed even further past the boundaries of what American critics could digest.

Now, despite my past doubts, I find those landscapes, with their evenness, a balm. They soothe because they revel in the flowers, grass, and sky that they present. They do lack grit and spontaneity, but they offer optimism from a time when America did flourish, though it did not always make the right choices. I skimmed my exam notes from Gerdts’ book as I wrote this post - 26 pages, single-spaced. His book brims with details, contextual tidbits of history, and manifestations of Impressionism from across the entire United States, far beyond just New York City and New England. When you think about it, the paintings themselves overflow with sunshine and spirit and expansiveness- the opposite of how we feel now.

The Revenant and American Landscape Paintings

I’m deeply far behind on my Oscar movie-watching this year.  In fact, I’ve only seen two of the eight Best Picture nominees (Brooklyn and The Revenant) and besides those, in the marquee categories, only The Danish Girl

I’ve thought for weeks about how I wanted to write a post on the way that the two main characters talk about art in The Danish Girl.  They seem to reify over and over again a connection between making art and making oneself that parallels Einar’s transformation into Lily.  But as time as passed, my memories of that movie have become less sharp, and so I’ll talk instead about the movie I cannot quite shake: The Revenant.

The trailers for The Revenant (and… knowledge of the bear) almost put me off the movie before I could see it.  They made it look like a feverish nightmare, the kind of magical realism that’s hard to cope with in a visual medium.  I knew something of the technical feats Iñárritu attempted in using natural light and that the actors suffered under intense physical conditions; I knew from Leonardo DiCaprio’s Golden Globe acceptance speech that the way Native Americans are addressed in the film might set it apart from previous treatments of similar themes.  All the previews I saw made the movie seem like it was geared toward a particular audience—male, survivalist, sadistic—to which I do not belong.

So I was surprised to find that the The Revenant functions as a pretty traditional Western, dealing with man-versus-nature themes, racial issues, and revenge quests that would resonate with movie and television westerns from earlier times.  A main contribution of this new treatment may be, however, that it updates these themes for a new era without sacrificing the historical.  Though there are still aspects of cringeworthy appropriation in the way Native Americans are viewed, they are also portrayed more deliberately as complicated people with quests that parallel (and further complicate) those of the white settlers.

And then there is the scenery, which functions like a highlight reel of all the greatest nineteenth-century paintings and photographs that communicated a vision of the American West to New York and Washington, D.C.  In that era, western imagery did two things: 1) justify the now very troublesome doctrine of Manifest Destiny, or the belief that the United States had a divine right to expand to the West Coast, and 2) emphasize that man’s powers paled in the face of nature’s unpredictable vastness and cruelty.  Iñárritu’s vistas reignite these concepts for the twenty-first century.  Because he uses the landscapes to ground a human story, they have new implications for viewers who may never have seen the paintings they resemble.

In this first pair, mountains and trees frame an opening in the center field--but that opening is then obscured by fog and clouds, suggesting fear and the unknown to one contemplating moving forward.

The second pair structurally resembles the first with the open foreground and the framing by mountains and trees.  The water in both images provides a different kind of expanse, less solid and dependable than land, yet fear is replaced by majesty here.  The colors of the sky, set against the darkness, indicate that man may also be dwarfed by nature's beauty.

And in this third pair, the structure, fear, and majesty of the first two pairs reoccur, yet the weather here adds a different kind of threat to the mix.  In the foreground of each of these images, a man stands against the whiteness of the snowscape.  Though, practically, this figure shows scale, he also emphasizes the intent to continue working within and fighting against the forces of nature.